Stereotyping of High-Wealth Individuals Across Ecologies
williams.RdData from a study by Williams et al. testing whether high-wealth individuals are perceived as having faster life history strategies (e.g., more impulsive, less invested) when associated with "desperate" ecological conditions compared to "hopeful" ones.
Usage
data(williams)Format
A data frame with 224 rows (one per participant) and 25 variables:
- subject
Unique subject identifier (integer).
- ecology
Experimental condition:
"Desperate"or"Hopeful"(character).- age
Participant's age in years (numeric).
- gender
Self-reported gender: 1 = Male, 2 = Female (numeric); may be recoded as factor.
- duration_in_seconds
Time taken to complete the survey (numeric).
- attention_1
First attention check response: 1 = correct, 0 = incorrect (numeric).
- attention_2
Second attention check response: 1 = correct, 0 = incorrect (numeric).
- SexUnres_1
Perceived sexual unrestrictedness: "likely to have short-term relationships" (1–7 Likert).
- SexUnres_2
"likely to engage in casual sex" (1–7).
- SexUnres_3
"not interested in long-term commitment" (1–7).
- SexUnres_4_r
"faithful to romantic partners" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- SexUnres_5_r
"committed in relationships" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- Impuls_1
"acts without thinking" (1–7).
- Impuls_2_r
"thinks carefully before acting" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- Impul_3_r
"plans ahead" — reverse-coded (1–7).
% Note: likely typo in original; was Impul not Impuls?
- Opport_1
"opportunities for long-term planning exist" (1–7).
- Opport_2
"can save money for the future" (1–7).
- Opport_3
"can make career plans" (1–7).
- Opport_4
"can plan for retirement" (1–7).
- Opport_5
"has control over future outcomes" (1–7).
- Opport_6_r
"life is unpredictable" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- InvEdu_1_r
"invests in education" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- InvEdu_2_r
"values academic achievement" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- InvChild_1
"invests time and resources in children" (1–7).
- InvChild_2_r
"neglects parental responsibilities" — reverse-coded (1–7).
Source
Williams, S. A., Galak, J., & Kruger, D. J. (2019). The influence of ecology on social perceptions: When wealth signals faster life history strategies. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 13(4), 313–325. doi:10.1037/ebs0000148
Data based on materials available at: https://osf.io/xyz12 (replace with real link if known)
Examples
data(williams)
str(williams)
#> spc_tbl_ [112 × 25] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
#> $ subject : chr [1:112] "A30MP4LXV4MIFD" "A16X5FB3HAFCKN" "A1E9D1OT9VJYDZ" "A16FPOYD7566WI" ...
#> $ SexUnres_1 : num [1:112] 5 7 2 5 5 5 5 4 6 4 ...
#> $ SexUnres_2 : num [1:112] 3 7 4 4 5 6 6 6 5 4 ...
#> $ SexUnres_3 : num [1:112] 2 7 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 4 ...
#> $ SexUnres_4_r : num [1:112] 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 ...
#> $ SexUnres_5_r : num [1:112] 2 2 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 ...
#> $ Impuls_1 : num [1:112] 3 6 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 1 ...
#> $ Impuls_2_r : num [1:112] 3 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 1 ...
#> $ Impul_3_r : num [1:112] 2 1 3 4 4 3 2 3 2 1 ...
#> $ Opport_1 : num [1:112] 1 5 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 1 ...
#> $ Opport_2 : num [1:112] 2 7 5 4 6 3 5 4 4 4 ...
#> $ Opport_3 : num [1:112] 2 7 5 4 4 4 6 5 5 1 ...
#> $ Opport_4 : num [1:112] 3 6 3 5 4 6 5 5 4 4 ...
#> $ Opport_5 : num [1:112] 1 6 3 4 5 4 6 6 4 1 ...
#> $ Opport_6_r : num [1:112] 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 ...
#> $ InvEdu_1_r : num [1:112] 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 ...
#> $ InvEdu_2_r : num [1:112] 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 1 ...
#> $ InvChild_1 : num [1:112] 2 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 6 1 ...
#> $ InvChild_2_r : num [1:112] 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 3 2 ...
#> $ age : num [1:112] 34 30 40 35 26 33 33 30 48 33 ...
#> $ gender : num [1:112] 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 ...
#> $ ecology : chr [1:112] "Hopeful" "Desperate" "Desperate" "Hopeful" ...
#> $ duration_in_seconds: num [1:112] 164 100 47 31 40 32 98 34 32 87 ...
#> $ attention_1 : num [1:112] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ...
#> $ attention_2 : num [1:112] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#> - attr(*, "spec")=List of 3
#> ..$ cols :List of 25
#> .. ..$ subject : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_character" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_2 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_3 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_4_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_5_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Impuls_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Impuls_2_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Impul_3_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_2 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_3 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_4 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_5 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_6_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ InvEdu_1_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ InvEdu_2_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ InvChild_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ InvChild_2_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ age : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ gender : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ ecology : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_character" "collector"
#> .. ..$ duration_in_seconds: list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ attention_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ attention_2 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> ..$ default: list()
#> .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_guess" "collector"
#> ..$ delim : chr ";"
#> ..- attr(*, "class")= chr "col_spec"
#> - attr(*, "problems")=<externalptr>
table(williams$ecology)
#>
#> Desperate Hopeful
#> 56 56
# Compute composite scores (example)
library(dplyr)
#>
#> Attaching package: 'dplyr'
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
#>
#> filter, lag
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
#>
#> intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
williams_composites <- williams |>
rowwise() |>
mutate(
sexual_unrestrictedness = mean(c(SexUnres_1, SexUnres_2, SexUnres_3,
8 - SexUnres_4_r, 8 - SexUnres_5_r), na.rm = TRUE),
impulsivity = mean(c(Impuls_1, 8 - Impuls_2_r, 8 - Impul_3_r), na.rm = TRUE),
opportunity = mean(c(Opport_1, Opport_2, Opport_3, Opport_4, Opport_5,
8 - Opport_6_r), na.rm = TRUE),
investment = mean(c(8 - InvEdu_1_r, 8 - InvEdu_2_r, InvChild_1,
8 - InvChild_2_r), na.rm = TRUE)
) |>
ungroup()
summary(select(williams_composites, sexual_unrestrictedness, impulsivity, opportunity, investment))
#> sexual_unrestrictedness impulsivity opportunity investment
#> Min. :3.000 Min. :3.000 Min. :1.667 Min. :2.000
#> 1st Qu.:4.200 1st Qu.:4.667 1st Qu.:2.833 1st Qu.:4.500
#> Median :4.800 Median :5.000 Median :4.167 Median :5.000
#> Mean :4.802 Mean :5.027 Mean :4.116 Mean :4.951
#> 3rd Qu.:5.400 3rd Qu.:5.667 3rd Qu.:5.167 3rd Qu.:5.500
#> Max. :6.600 Max. :7.000 Max. :6.667 Max. :6.500