Data from a large-scale direct replication of Williams, Sng, and Neuberg (2016), testing whether high-wealth individuals are perceived as having faster life history strategies (e.g., more impulsive, less invested) when associated with "desperate" ecological conditions compared to "hopeful" ones.
Usage
data(williams)Format
A data frame with 112 rows (one per participant) and 25 variables:
- subject
Unique subject identifier (integer).
- ecology
Experimental condition:
"Desperate"or"Hopeful"(character).- age
Participant's age in years (numeric).
- gender
Self-reported gender: 1 = Male, 2 = Female (numeric); may be recoded as factor.
- duration_in_seconds
Time taken to complete the survey (numeric).
- attention_1
First attention check response: 1 = correct, 0 = incorrect (numeric). Simulated for illustrative purposes; not actual participant responses.
- attention_2
Second attention check response: 1 = correct, 0 = incorrect (numeric). Simulated for illustrative purposes; not actual participant responses.
- SexUnres_1
Perceived sexual unrestrictedness: "likely to have short-term relationships" (1–7 Likert).
- SexUnres_2
"likely to engage in casual sex" (1–7).
- SexUnres_3
"not interested in long-term commitment" (1–7).
- SexUnres_4_r
"faithful to romantic partners" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- SexUnres_5_r
"committed in relationships" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- Impuls_1
"acts without thinking" (1–7).
- Impuls_2_r
"thinks carefully before acting" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- Impul_3_r
"plans ahead" — reverse-coded (1–7).
% Note: likely typo in original; was Impul not Impuls?
- Opport_1
"opportunities for long-term planning exist" (1–7).
- Opport_2
"can save money for the future" (1–7).
- Opport_3
"can make career plans" (1–7).
- Opport_4
"can plan for retirement" (1–7).
- Opport_5
"has control over future outcomes" (1–7).
- Opport_6_r
"life is unpredictable" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- InvEdu_1_r
"invests in education" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- InvEdu_2_r
"values academic achievement" — reverse-coded (1–7).
- InvChild_1
"invests time and resources in children" (1–7).
- InvChild_2_r
"neglects parental responsibilities" — reverse-coded (1–7).
Source
Williams, K. E. G., Sng, O., & Neuberg, S. L. (2016). Ecology-driven stereotypes override race stereotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(2), 310–315. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519401113
Data released as part of a large-scale direct replication by Holzmeister, F., Camerer, C., Chen, Y., Dreber, A., Hoogeveen, S., Huber, J., ... Waldén, V. (2024, November 19). Data and Analysis. Retrieved from https://osf.io/47drs
Details
Note that the attention_1 and attention_2 columns are not
part of the original data. They contain simulated responses that were added
by the package authors for illustrative purposes only, and do not reflect
actual participant responses.
Examples
data(williams)
str(williams)
#> spc_tbl_ [112 × 25] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
#> $ subject : chr [1:112] "A30MP4LXV4MIFD" "A16X5FB3HAFCKN" "A1E9D1OT9VJYDZ" "A16FPOYD7566WI" ...
#> $ SexUnres_1 : num [1:112] 5 7 2 5 5 5 5 4 6 4 ...
#> $ SexUnres_2 : num [1:112] 3 7 4 4 5 6 6 6 5 4 ...
#> $ SexUnres_3 : num [1:112] 2 7 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 4 ...
#> $ SexUnres_4_r : num [1:112] 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 ...
#> $ SexUnres_5_r : num [1:112] 2 2 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 ...
#> $ Impuls_1 : num [1:112] 3 6 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 1 ...
#> $ Impuls_2_r : num [1:112] 3 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 1 ...
#> $ Impul_3_r : num [1:112] 2 1 3 4 4 3 2 3 2 1 ...
#> $ Opport_1 : num [1:112] 1 5 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 1 ...
#> $ Opport_2 : num [1:112] 2 7 5 4 6 3 5 4 4 4 ...
#> $ Opport_3 : num [1:112] 2 7 5 4 4 4 6 5 5 1 ...
#> $ Opport_4 : num [1:112] 3 6 3 5 4 6 5 5 4 4 ...
#> $ Opport_5 : num [1:112] 1 6 3 4 5 4 6 6 4 1 ...
#> $ Opport_6_r : num [1:112] 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 ...
#> $ InvEdu_1_r : num [1:112] 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 ...
#> $ InvEdu_2_r : num [1:112] 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 1 ...
#> $ InvChild_1 : num [1:112] 2 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 6 1 ...
#> $ InvChild_2_r : num [1:112] 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 3 2 ...
#> $ age : num [1:112] 34 30 40 35 26 33 33 30 48 33 ...
#> $ gender : num [1:112] 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 ...
#> $ ecology : chr [1:112] "Hopeful" "Desperate" "Desperate" "Hopeful" ...
#> $ duration_in_seconds: num [1:112] 164 100 47 31 40 32 98 34 32 87 ...
#> $ attention_1 : num [1:112] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ...
#> $ attention_2 : num [1:112] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#> - attr(*, "spec")=List of 3
#> ..$ cols :List of 25
#> .. ..$ subject : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_character" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_2 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_3 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_4_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ SexUnres_5_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Impuls_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Impuls_2_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Impul_3_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_2 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_3 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_4 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_5 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ Opport_6_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ InvEdu_1_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ InvEdu_2_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ InvChild_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ InvChild_2_r : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ age : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ gender : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ ecology : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_character" "collector"
#> .. ..$ duration_in_seconds: list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ attention_1 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> .. ..$ attention_2 : list()
#> .. .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_double" "collector"
#> ..$ default: list()
#> .. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "collector_guess" "collector"
#> ..$ delim : chr ";"
#> ..- attr(*, "class")= chr "col_spec"
#> - attr(*, "problems")=<pointer: (nil)>
table(williams$ecology)
#>
#> Desperate Hopeful
#> 56 56
# Compute composite scores (example)
if (requireNamespace("dplyr", quietly = TRUE)) {
library(dplyr)
williams_composites <- williams |>
rowwise() |>
mutate(
sexual_unrestrictedness = mean(c(SexUnres_1, SexUnres_2, SexUnres_3,
8 - SexUnres_4_r, 8 - SexUnres_5_r), na.rm = TRUE),
impulsivity = mean(c(Impuls_1, 8 - Impuls_2_r, 8 - Impul_3_r), na.rm = TRUE),
opportunity = mean(c(Opport_1, Opport_2, Opport_3, Opport_4, Opport_5,
8 - Opport_6_r), na.rm = TRUE),
investment = mean(c(8 - InvEdu_1_r, 8 - InvEdu_2_r, InvChild_1,
8 - InvChild_2_r), na.rm = TRUE)
) |>
ungroup()
summary(williams_composites[ , c("sexual_unrestrictedness", "impulsivity")])
}
#> sexual_unrestrictedness impulsivity
#> Min. :3.000 Min. :3.000
#> 1st Qu.:4.200 1st Qu.:4.667
#> Median :4.800 Median :5.000
#> Mean :4.802 Mean :5.027
#> 3rd Qu.:5.400 3rd Qu.:5.667
#> Max. :6.600 Max. :7.000